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上世纪三十年代美国的对外政策

本周，我们继续向你讲述上世纪三十年代的美国以及这一时期美国的对外政策。自美国建国以来，绝大多数时间都没有怎么参与世界事务。只是到了二十世纪初，美国才成为世界上一个有影响的大国。西奥多.罗斯福是美国历史上第一位认识到美国将是世界重要的一极。几年后，伍德罗.威尔逊想让美国更深地介入世界事务，但大多数美国人对此则不同意，他们想置身于世界冲突之外。威尔逊总统之后的几任总统对世界事务都有一定之见，但他们不像西奥多.罗斯福和威尔逊那样愿意关注世界事务。1929年经济大萧条后，进一步减弱了美国人对世界事务的兴趣。

富兰克林.罗斯福于1933年就任总统，富兰克林.罗斯福和大多数美国人不一样，他们根据自己的经历，对国际事务很了解。他和西奥多.罗斯福、伍德罗.威尔逊总统一样，他愿意对外实施扩张性政策。然而，可怕的大萧条危机迫使他不得不将主要精力用于解决国内的经济问题，对国际问题，他只能慢慢地想办法来解决。在他所努力解决的众多的国际问题中，他第一个要解决的是改善美国与拉丁美洲各国之间的关系。

在三十年前，西奥多.罗斯福总统曾经说过，美国有权力干涉拉丁美洲各国的事务。在此后的时间里，美国向多个拉丁美洲国家派遣了军队。拉丁美洲国家的许多政治领导人指责美国对等他们就像对等孩子一样。在1928年的一次国际会议上，整个拉丁美洲国家的领导人都猛烈批评美国。当富兰克林.罗斯福当选总统后，他承诺要把拉丁美洲各国当朋友来看待，他把这称之为“友好邻居”政策。

富兰克林.罗斯福(第一次就职演说)：“我将致力于让美国对外采取睦邻友好的政策，做一个决心自重并因而尊重他国的国家。做一个履行义务，尊重与他国所签订的协议的国家。”

罗斯福的对外政策是以不友好开始的，他的政府拒绝承认一个反对美国的古巴政府，相反，他帮助一个更多支持美国的古巴新政府获得权力。然而，自那以后，罗斯福总统开始能够按照自己的意愿改善与拉丁美洲各国的关系了。例如，他加快了从海地撤军的速度，他的政府否决了原先允许美国干涉古巴事务的协议，承认萨尔瓦多的革命政府，认可巴拿马有权经营和保护巴拿马运河，而且美国政府还帮助建立进出口银行，这使整个美洲的贸易得到发展。

罗斯福政府所采取的这些行动，极大地改善了拉丁美洲各国领导人对美国的印象。然而，富兰克林.罗斯福新的对外政策最大的考验是在墨西哥。墨西哥政府夺取了美国投资者所拥有的石油公司的控制权。许多有影响的美国人要求总统采取强硬措施，但他反对这么做，他只同意敦促墨西哥政府赔偿美国投资者的损失。

正当美国与拉丁美洲各国改善关系的时候，美国与英国的关系却不太好。英国指责富兰克林.罗斯福，应该为1933年的国际经济会议的失败而负责。英国还觉得美国国会针对其他国家所发动的国际侵略事件不愿意采取强硬的观点。有些英国人对罗斯福已经有点不信任了，他们建议与日本合作而不是与美国合作。然而日本的新领导人很快就终结了这种可能性，对与英国合作，日本人提出非常高的军事要求，对此，英国政府放弃了任何与日本合作的想法。

在上世纪三十年代，美国对外政策上有一个很大的问题是如何处理与苏联的关系。在1917年布尔什维克掌权后，美国就拒绝承认莫斯科政府。然而，富兰克林.罗斯福看到，如果欧亚局势日益紧张而引发战争的话，那么苏联可能就是一个潜在的盟友。基于这个原因，他在华盛顿与苏联一个高级领导人进行了会谈。1933年，他正式承认苏联政府。

罗斯福总统希望承认苏联政府有助于改善两国关系。但美国与苏联两国缺乏互信，他们很快在许多问题上发生争执。在两年里，美国驻苏联大使敦促罗斯福断绝与苏联的外交关系。但罗斯福反对这么做。美国与苏联的关系变得越来越糟糕。然而，罗斯福认为，继续保持两国关系能够在紧急时刻起到好的作用，而这紧急时刻----第二次世界大战，一、二年之后就发生了。

在上世纪三十年代初期，经济问题成为美国对外政策的主要部分。在1933年，一个重要的国际经济会议在伦敦举行。法国和意大利领头，推进将本国货币与黄金价格挂钩，参加会议的美国代表却反对，他们争辩说，如此一来会延缓美国经济从大萧条中复苏。结果，伦敦会议以失败告终。尽管罗斯福反对将美元与黄金挂钩，但他并不反对国际贸易。在上世纪三十年代，他的政府与世界上二十多个国家签订了国际贸易协定。

在上世纪三十年代，欧亚政治中出现了重大的变化，罗斯福以极大的兴趣注视着这些事态的发展。在日本，军方领导人掌控了政府，他们的目标是要让日本成为亚洲的领导者。在意大利，法西斯头子墨索里尼成为政府的首脑，另一个法西斯分子弗朗西斯科.佛朗哥(Francisco Franco)夺取了西班牙的政权。而更为严重的是，阿道夫.希特勒和他的纳粹党在德国的力量日益强大。富兰克林.罗斯福比其他西方领导人更早地明白，这些新的领导人代表着怎么样的威胁。

大多数美国人与罗斯福一样不喜欢这一新的法西斯浪潮，然而，美国人的另一种情绪更为强烈，那就是他们希望置身于战争之外。第一次世界大战才结束15年，许多美国人对第一次世界大战还记忆犹新。绝大多数美国人反对任何可能将美国卷入血腥冲突的政策。

1937年美国有一项民意调查，该民意调查表明有71%的美国人认为美国参加第一次世界大战是一个错误。所以，当国会通过一项在世界冲突面前保持中立的法案时，罗斯福并不感到惊讶。国会还否决了政府建议加入世界法院的提案。富兰克林.罗斯福和其他美国人一样，也希望美国置身与外国的冲突之外。然而，阿道夫.希特勒和其他法西斯不断加强他们的力量。这一形势迫使美国开始考虑加强其军事力量的必要性。

美国人不想卷入另一场世界大战，他们呼吁罗斯福总统和国会议员们在世界事务中继续保持中立。但德国和日本的侵略将迫使美国人不得不在是要民主还是要和平中进行抉择。

简评：

战争与和平，这个问题，我想世界上90%以上的人都会选择和平。看来，这并不是一个两难选择的问题，因此也就不成为真正的问题。

然而，民主与和平，这倒是一个问题。要民主，就可能会爆发战争，要和平，可能就会失去民主。

那么是民主好呢？还是和平好呢？为了民主，就要我们牺牲生命吗？以生命为代价的民主，真的是我们所需要的吗？而没有民主的和平，难道就没有可留恋的吗？

有谁能够真正说的清楚，要民主还是要和平。难道民主与和平是对立的吗？

比如，在当今的利比亚。民主与和平就成为问题。对卡扎菲来说，和平是前提，没有和平，谈什么都没用。而对于西方一些国家和利比亚的反对派来说，为了民主就必须打战，只有通过打战，才可能换得民主。但对于利比亚的老百姓来说，他们需要什么呢？是民主还是和平？谁真正在乎他们的声音？他们有表达自己的声音吗？我们不知道。

American Foreign Policy in the 1930's 

This week in our series, we continue to discuss the events of the nineteen thirties, and American foreign policy during that time. For much of its history, the United States was not involved in world disputes. Only in the twentieth century did it become a powerful and influential nation. President Theodore Roosevelt was the first president to see America as a great power. A few years later, President Woodrow Wilson wanted the United States to become more involved in the world. Many Americans disagreed. They wanted to stay out of international conflicts. The presidents after Wilson stayed informed about world events. But they were much less willing to involve the United States than Roosevelt or Wilson had been. The great economic depression that began in nineteen twenty-nine reduced Americans' interest in the world even more.

Franklin Roosevelt became president in nineteen thirty-three. Franklin Roosevelt was not like most Americans. He knew the international situation well from his own experience. Like Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson, he wanted to expand America's foreign policies. The terrible crisis of the depression, however, forced him to spend most of his time on national economic issues. He was able to deal with international issues only very slowly. One of his most important first efforts was to improve relations with Latin American nations.

Eleanor Roosevelt with President Rafael Trujillo and Mrs. Trujillo in the Dominican Republic, 1934  1934年，埃莉诺.罗斯福夫人在多米尼加共和国与拉斐尔.特鲁希略及特鲁希略太太在一起。

Thirty years earlier, President Theodore Roosevelt said the United States had the right to intervene in Latin America. In the years that followed, the United States sent troops to several Latin American countries. Many political leaders in the area accused the United States of treating them like children. Leaders throughout Latin America criticized the United States bitterly at a conference in nineteen twenty-eight. When Franklin Roosevelt became president, he promised to treat Latin American nations as friends. He called this his "Good Neighbor" policy.

FRANKLIN ROOSEVELT (FIRST INAUGURAL ADDRESS): "I would dedicate this nation to the policy of the Good Neighbor, the neighbor who resolutely respects himself and, because he does so, respects the rights of others. The neighbor who respects his obligations and respects the sanctity of his agreements, in and with a world of neighbors."

Roosevelt's new policy had an unfriendly beginning. His administration refused to recognize a government in Cuba that opposed the United States. Instead, it helped bring to power a new government that showed more support for the United States. After that, however, President Roosevelt was able to prove that he wanted to improve relations with the countries of Latin America. For example, his administration speeded up plans to withdraw American troops from Haiti. It rejected old treaties that gave the United States the right to intervene in Cuba. It recognized a revolutionary government in El Salvador. It recognized the right of Panama to help operate and protect the Panama Canal. And it helped establish the Export-Import Bank to increase trade throughout the Americas.

All of these actions did much to improve the opinion of Latin American leaders about the United States. However, the most important test of Franklin Roosevelt's new policies was in Mexico. The Mexican government seized control of oil companies owned by investors in the United States. A number of influential Americans wanted the president to take strong action. He refused. He only agreed to urge the Mexican government to pay American investors for the value of the oil companies.

As United States relations with Latin America improved, its relations with Britain got worse. Britain blamed Franklin Roosevelt for the failure of an international economic conference in nineteen thirty-three. It also felt the United States Congress was unwilling to take a strong position against international aggression by other nations. Some British leaders had so little faith in Roosevelt that they proposed seeking cooperation with Japan instead of the United States. New leaders in Japan, however, soon ended this possibility. They presented Britain with such strong military demands that the British government gave up any idea of cooperation with Japan.

One big question in American foreign policy in the nineteen thirties concerned the Soviet union. The United States had refused to recognize the government in Moscow after the Bolsheviks took control in nineteen seventeen. Yet Franklin Roosevelt saw the Soviet Union as a possible ally, if growing tensions in Europe and Asia burst into war. For this reason, he held talks in Washington with a top Soviet official. In nineteen thirty-three, he officially recognized the Soviet government.

President Roosevelt hoped recognition would lead to better relations. But the United States and the Soviet Union did not trust each other. They immediately began arguing about many issues. Within two years, the American ambassador to Moscow urged President Roosevelt to cut diplomatic relations with the Soviets. Roosevelt refused. Relations between the two countries became even worse. Yet Roosevelt believed it was better to continue relations in case of an emergency. That emergency -- World War Two -- was just a few years away.

Economic issues played an important part in American foreign policy during the early nineteen thirties. In nineteen thirty-three, a major international economic conference was held in London. France and Italy led a movement to link the value of every nation's money to the price of gold. American delegates to the conference rejected the idea. They argued that it would slow America's recovery from the great depression. As a result, the London conference failed. Although President Roosevelt opposed linking the value of the American dollar to the price of gold, he did not oppose international trade. During the nineteen thirties, his administration negotiated new trade agreements with more than twenty countries.

Benito Mussolini, left , and Adolf Hitler in 1938 1938年墨索里尼(左)与阿道夫.希特勒在一起

The nineteen thirties saw major political changes in Asia and Europe. President Roosevelt watched these developments with great interest. In Japan, military leaders gained control of the government. Their goal was to make Japan Asia's leading power. In Italy, the government was headed by fascist Benito Mussolini. Another fascist, Francisco Franco, seized power in Spain. And, most important, Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party increased their strength in Germany. Franklin Roosevelt understood much sooner than most western leaders the threat that these new leaders represented.

Most Americans shared Roosevelt's dislike for the new fascist movements. However, Americans felt another emotion much more strongly. It was their desire to stay out of war. World War One had ended just fifteen years earlier. It was still fresh in the minds of many Americans. A majority of the population opposed any policy that could involve the United States in another bloody conflict.

A public opinion study was made in nineteen thirty-seven. The study showed that seventy-one percent of Americans believed it had been a mistake for the United States to fight in World War One. So, President Roosevelt was not surprised when Congress passed a law ordering the administration to remain neutral in any foreign conflict. Congress also refused an administration proposal that the United States join the World Court. Franklin Roosevelt shared the hope that the United States would stay out of foreign conflicts. However, Adolf Hitler and other fascists continued to grow more powerful. The situation forced Americans to begin to consider the need for military strength.

Americans did not want to become involved in another world war. They called on President Roosevelt and their representatives in Congress to remain neutral in world affairs. But aggression by Germany and Japan would force Americans to choose between their desire for democracy and their desire for peace. That will be our story next week.

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