参考译文：

李将军率领大军深入北方

两年残酷而又血腥的内战已经给南北双方带来了巨大的影响，双方都开始强烈地感受到战争所带来的压力。然而，在南方，这种压力更加明显，因为南方军事力量和工业力量都比北方弱。本周，我们向你讲述美国内战中1863年夏初所发生的故事。

在1863年，南方的供给越来越短缺，食品和弹药在战场上已经很难补充，他们需要士兵，越来越多的士兵。由于大量人伤亡，使南方对士兵的需求显得无止境。许多南方人越来越焦虑，他们的希望越来越渺茫。战争已经让人疲惫，战争所带来的痛苦已经超过人们所能承受的能力，而且西部的战事进一步加重了南方人的焦虑。

北方军正向密西西比州和田纳西州推进，北方军的胜利使南方感觉到更大的威胁，北方军也许很快就会控制密西西比河，这将割裂南方各州之间的联系，并且也可能终止南方邦联。必须做些什么以提高南方的士气，从而打破北方军所施加的压力。

罗伯特.李将军认为他已经有办法了：进攻北方。他认为，这将会把恐惧带给北方人，并削弱北方人为战争所做的努力。李将军已经在维吉尼亚州的弗雷德里克斯堡组织起一支75000人军队，这里位于南北双方首都华盛顿和雷切蒙德中间。李将军于1863年6月3日开始行动，他们向西北方向进军，要到雪兰多山谷，从这条山谷向北就能到波托马可河，超过波托马可河，就可到达马里兰西面的咽喉地带，然后就进入宾夕法尼亚。宾夕法尼亚就是李将军要进攻的目标，这里有富庶的农田，生产着大量的农作物，足够让饥饿的李将军的部队度过一个夏季。

在李将军前进的道路上只有一支驻守在北维吉尼亚温彻斯特的驻军，这支驻军只有七千人，他们根本就没有意识到南方军已经到了他们的眼前。南方军轻松地击败了这支军队，一多半北方军被俘，其余逃跑了。现在没有什么能够阻止李将军向宾夕法尼亚进军。庞大的波托马可军团在南方军队的后面，驻守在华盛顿附近。北方陆军总司令胡克将军不得不将他的部队部署在南方军和华盛顿之间，以阻止南方军进攻他们的首都华盛顿。

李将军越过马里兰西面进入宾夕法尼亚。南方军发现，宾夕法尼亚农村与维吉尼亚完全不同，维吉尼亚已经经历了两年的战争，土地荒芜，农田被毁，粮仓是空的。而宾夕法尼亚却未经战争，这里的大农场非常富庶，城镇和山谷到处都是粮食和他们所需要的各种用品。

饥饿而衣衫褴褛的南方士兵简直都不敢相信自己的眼睛，这里是敌人的土地，他们开始欢呼，他们可以从敌人的土地里取用他们所需要的一切。但李将军说：“不！”他说，他们的补给只能从南方军官那获得，而且，他还说，他们所拿的东西必须用南方货币来付款。

李将军不想激怒宾夕法尼亚的人民，许多宾夕法尼亚人并不支持北方，有些富裕的农场主公开说，他们不在乎谁会取得胜利，他们说他们只希望自己单独过。李将军确信北方的许多人也都是这样的想的。有大量迹象表明，人们越来越对战争感到疲惫。宾夕法尼亚东部的煤矿主在几个月前已经表明他们的态度，他们反对北方新的征兵法案。煤矿主们不想打战，他们拒绝当兵，他们发动暴乱，并攻击企图带走他们的官员。北方派遣军队到矿区以镇压那里的暴乱。

俄亥俄州附近的农场主也反抗新的征兵法，他们拒绝起草法案，相反他们拿起枪对抗来逮捕他们的人。不仅在宾夕法尼亚和俄亥俄州反战情绪越来越浓厚，而且北方其他一些以农业为主的州反战情绪也很浓，这些地区越来越支持一个新的和平党――反战的政党。该党领导人都是些民主党人，这些人被称之为“铜头蛇”，之所以得这个称号是因为他们头戴一件象征印第安人头型的铜币头饰。

铜头蛇的首领是前俄亥俄州的国会议员，他叫克莱门特. 法兰迪加姆（Clement Vallandigham）。作为一名国会议员，法兰迪加姆抨击这场战争和共和党人，他对共和党人说：“为了合众国的这场战争在你们手里已经遭受到沉重的失败，为合众国的战争已经被抛弃，而为黑人的战争已经以比以前更积极的努力开始了。需要什么样的胜利？”法兰迪加姆问道，“那就让在弗雷德里克斯堡和维克斯堡（Vicksburg）的阵亡将士来回答吧。”

法兰迪加姆说，他希望和平，他希望立即实现和平。他提出了一个简单的方案：停战，停火，然后让一些友好的国家来调停南北方之间的矛盾。

在他失去国会议员的席位后，他开始谋求俄亥俄州州长。他到俄亥俄州各地演讲，呼吁反对战争。他说，共和党人不希望和平，他说，共和党人希望战争一直打下去，一直到每一个黑人都得到解放后才停止。俄亥俄州北方军司令是安布罗斯.伯恩赛德将军，他原先是波托马可军团的司令，当他在弗雷德里克斯堡战役失败后，林肯罢免了他军团司令的职务，将他派到俄亥俄州。伯恩赛德深感忧虑，因为太多的俄亥俄州人反对战争，他认为在俄亥俄州，许多人所说的和所做的都可定为叛国罪。

伯恩赛德宣布了几项旨在平息反战人士声音的命令。其中一项是限制公民批评政府军事政策的权利，另一项命令是，对发表声明支持敌人的人按叛国罪惩处。法兰迪加姆拒绝承认伯恩赛德向公民发布这样命令的权利。在五月一日，他在俄亥俄州弗农山（Mount Vernon）发表竞选演说，他公开指责伯恩赛德的命令，并称林肯总统是“国王“。

法兰迪加姆指出，林肯正利用战争而使自己变成一个独裁者。他说，林肯不想和平，这位总统拒绝一切来自南方的和平建议。他再一次指出，现在的战争已经不再是为了合众国的统一，而是为了解放南方的奴隶。而且他还说，让俄亥俄州人参加北方军并不比让他们成为奴隶好些。

伯恩赛德派了几位军官去听法兰迪加姆的演讲，当这些军官报告法兰迪加姆所说的内容时，伯恩赛德命令将他逮捕，毫无疑问，法兰迪加姆违犯了这位将军的命令。第二天晚上，士兵们来到法兰迪加姆在代顿的家，他们敲门，对法兰迪加姆说，他们奉命逮捕他。

法兰迪加姆请求帮助，并拒绝让士兵们进入。士兵们破门而入，逮捕了他，并将他带到位于辛辛那提（Cincinnati）的军事监狱。几天后，法兰迪加姆在辛辛那提的一所军事法庭接受审判。欲知后事如何，请看下回分解。

简评：

李将军想得不错，他没有让士兵们随意掠夺北方人民的财产，而是统一由南方军官用南方货币进行采购，再分配给士兵们。这对争取北方一些人支持他们有一定益处。然而，随着战争性质的转变，美国内战已经由为了合众国的统一变成了解放奴隶，争取人类自由平等而战。于是从道义上，他所代表的南方已经没有道义了，由此，他再怎么努力，他想要得到北方人的同情，也很难了。因此，他的失败是必然的。

法兰迪加姆说得很多，看似很有道理。但同样由于他反对为奴隶解放而战，反对为全人类的平等自由而战，因此，他就是说得再好，也不能代表大多数人的声音。虽然林肯受权伯恩赛德下令限制公民的一些权利有背宪法精神，但作为战争期间所必要的手段，这么做无可非议。

Lee and His Army Cross Into the North　　

Two years of a bitter, bloody civil war started to show their effects on both the Confederate states of the South and the Union states of the North. Both sides began to feel the pressure of the costly struggle. The South, however, felt the pressure more severely, because it was weaker in troop strength and industrial strength. This week in our series, we discuss the early summer of eighteen sixty-three in the American Civil War.　

In eighteen-sixty-three, the Confederate states were becoming short of supplies. Food and guns were difficult to find to keep the Confederate armies in the field. Men were also needed. More and more men. There seemed to be no end to the demand for men to fill the places left empty by dead and wounded soldiers. Many in the South were heavy of heart. And the hope among them slowly started to sink. The war was tiring. Its suffering was more than they could bear. And the situation in the West made matters worse.　

Union Armies were on the move in the states of Mississippi and Tennessee. Their successes were becoming a serious threat. They might soon win control of the whole Mississippi river. This would split the states of the Confederacy and might end its very existence. Something was needed to raise up the spirits of the South to break the pressure of Union armies. 　

General Robert E. Lee believed he had the answer: an invasion of the north. This, he felt, would throw fear into the people of the north and weaken the Union war effort. Lee had organized an army of seventy-five-thousand men at Fredericksburg, Virginia, halfway between Washington and Richmond. Lee began moving his men June third. They marched northwest into the Shenandoah Valley. The valley led north to the Potomac River. Across the river was the narrow neck of western Maryland, then Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania was the target. Its rich farmland produced plenty of food -- enough to feed Lee's hungry army for the summer.　　

Standing in the way of Lee's army was a small Union force at Winchester, in northern Virginia. There were only seven-thousand Union soldiers. And they had no idea that the Confederate army was nearby. The Confederates easily defeated them. More than half of the Union troops were captured. The others fled. Now there was nothing to stop Lee from marching into Pennsylvania. The huge Army of the Potomac was behind him, near Washington. The Union commander, General Hooker, had to keep his army between Lee and Washington to prevent the Confederates from seizing the national capital.

Lee's army crossed western Maryland and entered Pennsylvania. His soldiers found the Pennsylvania countryside very different from Virginia's. Virginia had been a battleground for two years, and the land showed it. Many of its farms had been destroyed. Its stores were empty. Pennsylvania had not been touched by the war. Its big farms were rich. Its towns and villages were full of food and goods of all kinds.

The hungry, poorly-clothed soldiers could not believe their eyes. This was the land of the enemy, they cried, and they could take whatever they wished. But General Lee said "No." He said supplies could be taken only by Confederate supply officers. And he said they must pay -- in Confederate money -- for everything they took.

Lee did not want to anger these people in Pennsylvania. Many of them did not support the Union war effort. Some of the rich farmers said openly that they did not care who won the war. They said they only wanted to be left alone. Lee was sure that many in the north felt the same way. There had been signs that people were growing tired of the war. Coal miners in eastern Pennsylvania had shown their feelings toward the war a few months earlier. They rose up against a new law drafting men into the Union army. The miners did not want to fight. They refused to join the army. They rioted and attacked officials who tried to take them. Soldiers were sent to the mining areas to put down the riots.

Farmers in nearby Ohio also rebelled against the draft law. They refused to be drafted. Instead, they took guns and battled soldiers who came to arrest them. Feelings against the war were growing stronger, not only in Pennsylvania and Ohio, but also in several other farm states of the north. These areas saw a growing support for a peace party -- a political party opposed to the war. Leaders of this movement were Democrats called "Copperheads." They got this name because they wore on their coats a copper penny with the head of an Indian.

The chief Copperhead was a former Ohio congressman. His name was Clement Vallandigham. As a member of Congress, Vallandigham criticized the war and the Republicans. He told them:  "The war for the Union is, in your hands, a most bloody and costly failure. War for the Union was abandoned. And war for the Negro was openly begun with stronger effort than before. With what success." Vallandigham asked. "Let the dead at Fredericksburg and Vicksburg answer."　　

Vallandigham said he wanted peace, and he wanted it immediately. He offered a simple program: stop the fighting. Make a ceasefire. And let some friendly foreign nation negotiate peace between North and South.

After he lost his seat in Congress, Vallandigham opened a campaign to become governor of Ohio. He traveled all across the state speaking out against the war. He said Republicans did not want peace. He said they wanted to fight until every black man was free. The Union military commander for Ohio was General Ambrose Burnside, a former commander of the Army of the Potomac. After losing the battle of Fredericksburg, Lincoln removed Burnside as army commander and sent him to Ohio. Burnside was worried. Too many people in Ohio opposed the war. He believed that much of what was being said and done in Ohio was close to the crime of treason.

Burnside announced several new measures to quiet the opponents of the war. One of these orders limited the right of citizens to criticize government military policy. Another declared that statements of support for the enemy would be punished as treason. Vallandigham refused to recognize Burnside's right to give such orders to civilians. On May first, he made a campaign speech to a big crowd at Mount Vernon, Ohio. He denounced Burnside's orders and spoke of the President as "King Lincoln."　　

Vallandigham claimed that Lincoln was using the war to become a dictator. He said Lincoln did not want peace, that the president had rejected peace offers from the South. Once again, he said the war was not a struggle for the Union, but a fight to free the slaves of the south. And he said men of Ohio who let themselves be drafted into the Union army were no better than slaves themselves. 　

Burnside had sent several army officers to listen to the speech. When they reported what Vallandigham said, Burnside ordered his arrest. Without question, the man had violated the General's orders. Late the next night, soldiers went to Vallandigham's home in Dayton. They knocked on the door and said they had come to arrest him.

Vallandigham called for help and refused to let the soldiers enter. They broke down the door, seized him and took him to a military prison in Cincinnati. A few days later, Vallandigham went on trial before a military court in Cincinnati. That will be our story in the next program of THE MAKING OF A NATION.

http://www.21voa.com/path.asp?url=/200910/se-nation-107-abraham-lincoln-part-13-22-oct-09_0.Mp3

关于博主

文章列表

文章分类

最近发布