参考译文：

随着内战日益深入，北方的反战运动也日益高涨

到1863年，南北双方之间残酷而又血腥的内战已经持续了两年，双方都越来越感觉到战争所带来的压力。南方开始感觉到补给和兵员缺乏的压力，而北方则越来越感觉到战争精神的缺乏。本周，我们向你讲述日益高涨的反战运动。

在北方，许多人不支持林肯总统的战争政策。有些人公开地说，他们不在乎谁赢谁输，他们只希望能够保持中立。宾夕法尼亚州的煤矿工人反对一项战时征兵法案，他们的抗议引发暴乱，并袭击了试图让他们当兵的官员。在俄亥俄州，农民抗议战时征兵法案，他们拒绝当兵，他们袭击了试图逮捕他们的人。然而，最严重的反战暴乱却发生在纽约市。

在1863年7月13日，在纽约市征兵办外围着一群人，在征兵办里，征兵办的官员们正在挑选的当兵的人，每个人的名字都写在一张单独的纸片上，然后把这些纸片都统一放在一个很大的箱子里，官员们再从大箱子里每次拿出一张纸片，将纸片上的名字列在表上，这些被挑中的纽约人将前往战场打战。然而，就在这一天，征兵表始终没有填完，围绕在征兵办外面的人群开始声喊叫，他们抗议征兵，反对战争。

突然，一块石头打到了征兵办的窗户，紧接着，一块又一块的石头打到了征兵办窗户上。征兵办的官员们逃跑了，但有一个警察没能逃走，暴乱分子对他进行痛打，随后这些暴乱分子焚烧了征兵办及其附近的一些建筑。这里的暴乱很快漫延到全城。这场暴乱开始从政治上反对征兵法案。穷人反对征兵法案，是因为该征兵法案允许富人逃脱服兵役。该法律规定：一个应该当兵的人，可以通过两种办法不当兵，一是他可以向政府支付300美元，二是他可以寻找另一个人来代替他当兵。如果应该当兵的人没有能力做到这两种办法中的任何一个办法，那么他就必须去当兵，否则就会以判国罪而被枪毙。

在内战期间，北方的物价上涨速度远远超过了工资的上涨，一个人即使有一份不错的工作，也很难养活他一家人，让他向政府支付300美元，或花钱找人替他去当兵，几乎是不可能的。因此穷人反对这项征兵法案，他们说这项征兵法案很不公平。他们怒吼到：“这是富人的战争，而不是我们穷人的战争，富人们花的只是钱，而我们穷人却要流血。”

　还有一些事深深地影响着北方的工人。反战人士对他们说，这场内战不是为了挽救联邦的统一，而是为了解放黑人奴隶，而被解放的黑人奴隶将会来到北方，从而会从白人手里抢夺工作岗位。许多工人相信了这一点，他们说，他们不会去打战。

因此，在7月13日，愤怒和恐惧的纽约工人反战情绪暴发了，他们在这一天袭击征兵办只是刚刚开始，这场暴乱持续了三天。暴徒们打死了很多警察，他们殴打、焚烧和吊死他们所能找到的黑人，他们还杀死许多试图保护黑人的白人。到军队来镇压暴乱时，已经有一千多人在此次暴乱中丧生。

北方反战运动的领导人都是反对党――民主党人，他们身穿镶有表示印第安人头像的铜币的外套，因此这些人被人称之为“铜头蛇”。其中有一位重要的人物，他是俄亥俄州前国会议员，他叫克莱门特.法兰迪加姆。法兰迪加姆发表演说批评联邦政府，因而受到违犯有关禁止散布这些言论的军事法律的指控，他被捕了。

这位前国会议员未经军事法庭就被捕了，他对此提出抗议。他说，如果他违犯了法律，他应该由民事法院对他进行审判。他要求享有宪法授予他的权利。但军事法官拒绝了他的请求，他被判有罪，并将他关进了一所联邦军事监狱，要一直到战争结束才能放他出来。北方人对此感到气愤，许多人并不赞成克莱门特.法兰迪加姆的思想，但他们支持他言论自由的权利。林肯总统可以赞成也可以反对对法兰迪加姆的判决，但他的决定将表明哪个问题是最重要的：是公民的言论自由还是国家安全。

林肯是一位出色的政治家和聪明的律师，他找到了一个别人所未曾想到的方法来解决这个问题。他既没有赞成也没有反对对法兰迪加姆的判决，而是采取另外一种方式，他让法兰迪加姆投靠南方军，然后他向人们解释说，法兰迪加姆并没有因为批评政府而被捕。林肯说：“法兰迪加姆的被捕是因为他阻止人们当兵，这一点他已经取得部分的成功，他劝已经当兵的士兵逃跑。法兰迪加姆先生并不是因为他危害了政府的政治决策，也不是因为危害指挥官的利益而被捕，而是因为他危害了军队，而军队是我们国家生命所依赖的。”南方非常欢迎这位反战领导人，他们帮助他到达了加拿大，法兰迪加姆在加拿大继续他的反战运动。

林肯总统被反战运动和暴力抗议征兵法案所困扰，他觉得他必须让公民理解这种征兵法案是必须的，他准备发表演讲，来阐述他的想法。“没有人就没有军队，”林肯这样写到，“政府征兵可以通过人们的自愿，也可以强迫，我们现在靠自愿当兵已经不能够招募到足够的士兵了，所以也就有了这样的征兵法案。如果你们对此质疑，并且公开宣布仍然自愿服兵役，并且通过你们绝大多数人的自愿来证明这一点，那么，我就放弃这部征兵法案。”

林肯从来没有发表这个演说，他觉得这太直接了。相反，他向北方人民发表了一个友善的演说。“你们希望和平，”林肯说到，“而你们又指责我不希望和平，但我们怎么才能达到和平呢？这里有三种可能。第一、通过武力来解决南方的叛乱，对此，我正在这么做，你赞成吗？如果你赞成，那么我们就完全一致了。如果你们不同意，那么第二个办法是放弃国家的统一，对此我反对。你赞成国家统一吗？如果你同意，那么你就应该清楚地表明这一点，如果你既不想采用武力，也不想让国家分裂，那么只有第三种办法，那就是达成某些妥协，但我认为这样的妥协是不存在的。”

一些政治家们劝林肯总统调查发生在纽约市的反战抗议活动，看看是谁在领导这次抗议，总统拒绝了。林肯认为，一旦开始这样的调查就势必引燃火药桶，他已经在与南方的反叛分子进行残酷的战争，他不想在北方再进行一场类似的战争。南方领导人　很高兴看到北方铜头蛇的反战运动，南方指挥官罗伯特.李将军看到了这是北方软弱的信号，他也看到了他们下一次军事胜利的曙光。

欲知后事如何，请看下周分解。

简评：

战争就是战争，从来就没有所有的人都愿意打的战争。任何战争，总是有人愿意打，有人反对打，这是很正常的。为了战争的胜利，就必须采取一些非和平的手段。林肯在这方面的确非常高明。如果不是他有坚强的意志，北方是不可能取得胜利的，而如果北方不能胜利，那么，如今的美国可能也就不存在了。就冲这一点，所有的美国人的确都要感谢林肯。

林肯之所以高明，一是他没有激怒北方人民反战的情绪，他让克莱门特.法兰迪加姆投靠到南方，化解了北方人因军事法院剥夺他公民权的愤怒；他没有组织人员对纽约市的暴乱进行调查，平息了人民心中的怒气。二是他把话说到了理上，要和平吗？怎么才能达到和平？他提出了三种办法，然后他又一一进行分析，让人民知道，什么才是当今的唯一选择。

林肯做到了既坚定，又善于说理，既坚持了自己的原则，又较好地平息了一些人的不满。能够做到这一点，实在是太不容易了。

As the Civil War Grows, So Does Opposition　

By eighteen sixty-three, America's northern states and southern states had been fighting a bitter civil war for two years. Both sides felt the pressure of the costly struggle. The South was beginning to suffer from a lack of supplies and men for its armies. The North was beginning to suffer from a lack of fighting spirit. This week in our series,we describe an anti-war movement that was growing.

Many Americans in northern states did not support the war policies of Union President Abraham Lincoln. Some said openly that they did not care who won the war. They just wanted to be left alone. Coal miners in Pennsylvania protested against a law drafting men into the Union army. They rioted and attacked officials who tried to take them. Soldiers were sent to Pennsylvania to put down the riots. Farmers in Ohio also protested. They refused to be drafted. They attacked soldiers who were sent to arrest them. The worst anti-war riots, however, took place in New York City. 　

On July thirteenth, eighteen sixty-three, a crowd formed outside a New York draft office. Inside, army officials were choosing the names of men who would be taken into the army. Each name was written on a separate piece of paper. The papers were mixed together in a big box. The officials then began to remove the papers one at a time. They made a list of the names. These were the men of New York who must go off to fight. On that day, however, the list was never completed. The crowd outside the draft office became louder. There were shouts of protest against the draft and against the Civil War.

Suddenly, a stone crashed through the office window. Then another. And another. The army officials escaped. But a policeman inside could not get away. The rioters beat him badly. Then they set fire to the draft office and several buildings nearby. The riot spread across the city. The riot began as a political protest against the draft. Poor men opposed the draft, because it permitted rich men to escape military service. The law said a man who was drafted could stay out of the army by doing one of two things. He could pay the government three hundred dollars. Or he could pay another man to serve in his place. If a drafted man could not do either thing, then he must join the army or be shot as a deserter.

In the wartime economy of the North, prices were rising much faster than wages. Even a man with a good job had a difficult time feeding his family. It was impossible for him to pay the government three hundred dollars or pay someone else to serve for him in the army. Poor men protested against the law. They said it was unfair. "It's a rich man's war," they cried, "but a poor man's fight. The rich man's money against the poor man's blood."　　

There was something else that deeply troubled working men in the North. Anti-war activists told them that the war was not being fought to save the Union, but to free Negro slaves. The activists said the freed Negroes would move north and take jobs away from whites. Many men believed this. They said they would not fight.

Then, on July thirteenth, the angers and fears of working men in New York exploded. Their attack on the draft office that day was just the beginning. The violence lasted three days. The rioters beat many policemen to death. They beat, burned, and hanged every Negro they could find. They also killed many whites who tried to protect the Negroes. By the time soldiers stopped the rioting, one thousand persons had been killed. 　　

The leaders of the anti-war movement in the north were members of the opposition Democratic Party. They wore on their coats a copper penny showing the head of a Native American Indian. This gave them the name "Copperheads." One important Copperhead was a former congressman from Ohio, Clement Vallandigham. Vallandigham made a speech criticizing the Union government. He was charged with violating a military law that banned such criticism. He was arrested.

The former congressman was taken before a military court. He objected. He said if he had broken a law, he should be tried by a civilian court. He demanded this as his constitutional right. The military judges rejected his argument. They found him guilty. And they sentenced him to remain in a Union military prison until the end of the war. People throughout the north were angry. Many did not support Clement Vallandigham's ideas. But they supported his right to speak freely. President Lincoln could approve or reject Vallandigham's sentence. His decision would show which issue was more important: the citizens' right to free speech, or national security. 　

Lincoln was a good politician and a smart lawyer. He found an unexpected way to deal with the problem. He neither approved nor rejected the sentence. He changed it. Lincoln ordered Vallandigham to be turned over to the Confederate army. Then he explained that Vallandigham had not been arrested for criticizing the government. "His arrest was made," Lincoln said, "because he was trying -- with some success -- to prevent men from entering the army. He was urging soldiers already in the army to leave it. Mister Vallandigham was not arrested because he was damaging the political chances of the administration, or the interests of the commanding general, but because he was damaging the army, upon which the life of the nation depends."  The Confederates welcomed the anti-war leader. They helped him get to Canada. Vallandigham continued his anti-war campaign from there.

President Lincoln was troubled by the anti-war movement and violent opposition to the draft laws. He felt he had to make citizens understand why such laws were necessary. He prepared a speech which explained his thoughts.  "There can be no army without men," Lincoln wrote. "Men can be had only with their permission or without it. We can no longer get enough men willingly, so there is a draft. If you dispute this, and declare that men are still willing to serve in the army, then prove it by volunteering yourselves in large numbers. Then I will give up the draft."　　

Lincoln never gave this speech. He felt it was too direct. Instead, he gave a different kind of speech to the people of the Union.  "You want peace," Lincoln said, "and you blame me that we do not have it. But how can we get it. There are but three ways possible. First, to put down the southern rebellion by force of arms. This I am trying to do. Are you for it? If you are, then we are so far agreed. If you are not for it, a second way is to give up the Union. I am against this. Are you for the Union? If you are, you should say so clearly. If you are not for force, and not for dissolving the Union, there only remains some kind of compromise. I do not believe any such compromise is possible."　

Politicians urged President Lincoln to investigate the anti-war protests in New York to learn who had led them. He refused. Lincoln believed that starting an investigation would be like lighting a barrel of gunpowder. He already was fighting a bitter struggle against rebels in the South. He did not want to fight the people of the North, too. Southern leaders were pleased with the Copperheads' anti-war movement. Confederate General Robert E. Lee saw it as a sign of weakness in the northern war effort. He also saw it as an opening for a military victory. 　

That will be our story next week.

http://www.wwenglish.com/m09/voa/spec/2009/10/wwenglish.com_nation091029.mp3