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伍德罗.威尔逊入主白宫，着手寻求税收、银行和经济改革

1913年3月4日，一位新的国家领导人站在美国人民的面前，他就是伍德罗.威尔逊，他是美国历史上第28任总统。威尔逊属于民主党，他信奉激进的政策，他认为在社会改革中，政府应该扮演积极而重要的角色。本周，我们就开始向你讲述威尔逊的总统任期。

伍德罗.威尔逊一生大部分时间都在普林斯顿大学度过，刚开始他做教授，后来，他担任该校的校长，随后他当选新泽西州的州长。担任州长后的初期良好表现就使他在1912年民主党总统候选人提名大会上成为最有希望的候选人。在竞选期间，威尔逊到全国各地参加竞选活动，他向众多社会群体发表竞选演讲，他要尽可能将他的治国理念让更多的美国人民了解。

威尔逊称他的计划是“新自由”。他的一个竞选承诺是：要为美国小企业主争取更好的经营环境。类似这样的建议使他获得了民主党总统候选人的提名，随后在总统选举中，他击败了现任总统威廉.霍华德.塔夫脱和前任总统西奥多. 罗斯福。伍德罗.威尔逊，这位大学校长，现在已经成为美国的总统。

在华盛顿特区历史上，参加伍德罗.威尔逊总统的就职典礼的人数是最多的。他呼吁美国人都与他一道，为了国家更加美好而努力。“我的职责”威尔逊说到：“就是在不伤害美好事物的同时，纠正邪恶。我呼吁所有正直的人，所有爱国志士，所有对前途充满希望的人都站在我这一边。”

威尔逊总统没有浪费时间，他立即要求国会召开一次特别会议，就民主党在总统竞选期间所作出的承诺，如降低进口关税采取实际行动。威尔逊强烈地认为进口关税应该进行改革。他打破让白宫向国会提出改革的惯例，而是亲自提出进口关税改革的要求。许多国会议员反对威尔逊的改革方案，但这位新总统却利用一项参议院调查结果赢得了此次的斗争。此次参议院调查表明，许多参议员拥有自己的公司，因此他们为高额的进口关税辩护，以维护他们自己的利益，这些参议员们的财产影响到他们的投票。公众对此情况的了解，迫使他们中的许多人放弃他们的财产，并不再抵制关税改革。国会最终通过了威尔逊的建议。

低进口关税使得联邦政府收入降低，所以参议院也批准了征收所得税的法案。此前，一项有关同意征收所得税的宪法修正案已经通过。威尔逊总统和民主党对新的进口关税和所得税法很满意，但他们距离他们的目标还很远。下一步，他们将精力转向银行业的改革。多少年来，许多美国人已经认识到，银行体制已经到了改革的时候了。在美国尚未成为世界上主要工业国家之前，此前原有的不受控制的私人银行体制得到快速发展。现在，许多美国人都同意，美国需要一个更加现代的银行体制，但对于银行体制到底如何改革却未意见不一。

威尔逊总统说，国家财富掌握在少数几个人手里。他提到一份报告，该报告说，有两个人却掌握着美国10%的财富。威尔逊说，国家应该根据需要，增加或减少货币供应量，以确保经济运行的秩序。他说，在经济危急时刻，银行之间的相互帮助是一种有效的办法。而且他还说，应该通过法律制止少数有钱人利用国家经济资源来实现其自己的目的。最后，威尔逊说，“对银行体系的控制应该是公众而不是私人，它必须由政府来控制。”

威尔逊将他的中央银行称之为联邦储备银行制度。根据这个计划，将美国分成十二个区域，每个区域都有自己的联邦储备银行。这些联邦储备银行不向公众开展业务，而只对银行开展业务，而且联邦储备银行还发行由联邦政府支持的一种新货币。更为重要的是，这些联邦储备银行的行长是由政府为确定而不是由私人银行来确定。

银行家、企业主和他们在国会中的代言人都强烈批评威尔逊总统的建议，他们说政府控制银行的体制是社会主义而不是资本主义。但威尔逊拒绝修改他的建议，而且他还设法领导了为将此建议变成法律的斗争。最终，国会同意了威尔逊总统的建议。银行家们没用多长时间就发现新的银行体制要好于旧的银行体制。如今，美国联邦储备银行体制已经是美国政府机构中的重要组成部分。

对于伍德罗.威尔逊而言，与旧银行体制的斗争也使他在另一项政治斗争中获得胜利。他已经赢得了关税、所得税和银行体制等重要改革的胜利，现在，他对国会说，现在需要一项新的立法以控制垄断企业或大托拉斯的权力，这些垄断企业和托拉斯是控制整个行业的大企业和企业联盟。威尔逊建议出台新的反托拉斯法，以控制那些大垄断企业的行为。他在国会的支持者起草了这样的一部法案，列举了许多商业活动不再被允许。例如：不允许企业设定价格以减少同行的竞争，不允许企业购买竞争对手的股票，企业不能再要求零售商拒绝销售其竞争对手的商品，等等。这项新法案保护工会不受侵犯反托拉斯法的指责，并给予工会更大的权力，以组织工会保护工人权利。

根据威尔逊总统的要求，国会还准备了一个设立联邦贸易委员会的政府机构的法律草案。这个贸易委员会的职责是调查商业中的不当行为，它有权迫使企业遵守新的反托拉斯法和其他法律。两部反托拉斯法和联邦贸易委员会保护了小企业主免受大企业的压制。同样，这一建议再次引起了激烈的辨论，但同样，国会再一次投票满足了威尔逊总统所想要的绝大部分。

威尔逊总统上任初期所取得的成功是美国历史上诸任总统中最大的。这位新总统在竞选中承诺要在国家的主要经济领域中进行改革，而他上任伊始就兑现了承诺。这些改革不仅是伍德罗.威尔逊的胜利，而且在很长时间里还改变了美国经济和企业面貌。例如，所得税的征收，大大地拓宽了联邦政府的财源。

伍德罗.威尔逊在普林斯顿大学期间，他曾经讲授历史，他知道作为一个总统，其行为对国家将会产生长远的影响。但作为一名历史学家，他也深知，他个人在白宫的任期将会受到许多不可预知的事件影响。这种不可预知的事件出现了。威尔逊在竞选期间关注的主要是国内问题，但他上任后很快就发现，他不得不花大量时间来解决国际问题。他所面对的第一个国际问题是美国南部与墨西哥之间的边界问题。

简评：

    伍德罗.威尔逊秉受西奥多.罗斯福的执政风格，上任伊始即采取强硬的手段，迫使国会通过了许多他在竞选期间所承诺的法案，实现了他对社会进行改革的理想，从而成为美国历史上第一个在上任之初就取得很大成功的总统。这既有机遇，也与他个人的能力密不可分。可以想见，伍德罗.威尔逊将肯定是一位美国历史上了不起的总统。

    自由经济发展到一定程度，自然就需要对其进行控制，否则就会如同脱疆的野马，无法控制，最终给国家带来巨大的损失。威尔逊和西奥多.罗斯福一样看到了这一点，因此都推进社会改革。

    同样，当一个国家的经济在长期受到政府严格控制的情况下，也必然会出现各种问题，这些问题如果不及时加以解决，也会使经济出现危机，甚至会导致崩溃。我国改革开放前的经济体制，就说明了这一点。

    一个国家的经济，是自由还是受控制，历史和世界各国的经验都告诉我们，单靠某一种都是不行的，走任何一个极端都是有害的。因此，这就需要我们设计能够兼顾自由和控制的经济管理体制。在这里，需要说明的是，在自由和控制之间，应该有所侧重，我认为，应该以自由为重，而控制辅之。也就是说，在市场经济条件下，一个国家的经济运行，总体上应该是自由的，只有这样，才能符合市场经济的规律。也只有以自由为主，政府控制才有的放矢。如果没有自由，那么就不存在控制，有的只是专制，而这样的管理体制，对经济只有害而无益。

  我国自改革开放以来，已有三十余年，我们虽然实行的是市场经济，但我们现在的经济管理体制，似乎不是以自由为主体，而是以控制为主体，特别是近些年，国家的经济集中现象越来越突出，民营经济所占的份量和活动空间日益受到国有企业的挤压，特别是经济资源方面，更为突出。如果这个问题不尽快加以解决，那么，我们想保持经济持续、快速发展将是很困难的。特别是经济的创造力也将会受到压制。

    在我国，如果说民营经济代表的是自由，那么国有企业代表的则是控制。因此，我们的经济应该是以民营经济为主体，以国有企业为辅。切不可倒过来。

Woodrow Wilson Takes Office Seeking Tax, Banking and Business Reform

Woodrow Wilson and his cabinet seated around table, 1913  1913年伍德罗.威尔逊与他的内阁成员

A new leader stood before the American people on March fourth, nineteen thirteen. He was Woodrow Wilson -- the twenty-eighth president of the United States. Wilson belonged to the Democratic Party. He was progressive in his belief that government should take an active part in efforts for social reforms. This week in our series, we begin the story of Wilson's presidency.

Woodrow Wilson had spent most of his life at Princeton University. First he was a professor. Then he was university president. Next, Wilson was elected governor of the state of New Jersey. His early success as governor made him a leading candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination in nineteen twelve. Wilson traveled widely around the country during the campaign. He made speeches to many groups. He tried to make himself and his ideas known to as many Americans as possible.  

Wilson called his program "the New Freedom." One of his campaign promises was to fight for better conditions for America's small business owners. Such proposals helped him win the Democratic nomination for president. Then he defeated President William Howard Taft and former president Theodore Roosevelt in the election. Woodrow Wilson, the former president of a university, had become the president of a nation.

A crowd gathering for the Woodrow Wilson's inauguration parade in 1913 193年，很多人参加伍德罗.威尔逊总统的就职典礼

The largest crowd in Washington, D.C.'s history welcomed Wilson outside the Capitol Building on the day of his inauguration. He called on the American people to join him in making the country a better place. "Our duty," Wilson said, "is to correct the evil without hurting the good. I call all honest men, all patriotic, all forward-looking men to my side."

Wilson wasted no time. He immediately called a special session of Congress to act on Democratic campaign promises to reduce import taxes, or tariffs. Wilson felt strongly about the need to reform these taxes. He broke tradition by leaving the White House to appear before Congress, in person, to appeal for his tariff proposals. Many members of Congress opposed Wilson's plans. But the new president used the results of a Senate investigation to win the fight. The investigation showed that a number of senators owned companies that depended on high tariffs for their profits. The votes of these senators were influenced by their property holdings. Public knowledge of the situation forced many of them to give up their holdings and stop resisting tariff reform. Congress finally approved Wilson's proposals.

Lower tariffs reduced the amount of money taken in by the federal government. So the Senate also approved a tax on income, or earnings. A constitutional amendment had been passed earlier to permit such a tax. President Wilson and the Democratic Party were pleased with the new tariff and income tax bills. But they were far from finished. Next they turned their efforts to reform of the banking industry. For several years, many people had recognized the need for changes in the banking system. The old system of uncontrolled private banks had developed years earlier, before the United States became a major industrial nation. Many people agreed that a more modern system was needed. But they could not agree on details.

President Wilson said control of the nation's wealth was held by too few men. He noted a report that said just two men controlled ten percent of the total wealth of the United States. Wilson said the nation needed a money supply that could be increased or reduced, when necessary, to correct economic conditions. He said a method was needed to let banks help each other during economic emergencies. And he said laws were needed to prevent a few wealthy men from using the economic resources of the country for their own purposes. Finally, Wilson said, "The control of this system of banking must be public, not private. It must belong to the government itself."

Wilson called his proposal for a central bank the Federal Reserve System. Under the plan, the nation would be divided into twelve areas. Each area would have its own federal reserve bank. These area banks would not do business with the public. They would serve only as "bankers' banks." And they would issue a new form of money supported by the federal government. Most important, the leaders of the new system would be chosen by the government--not by private business.

Woodrow Wilson

Bankers, business leaders, and their representatives in Congress sharply criticized President Wilson's proposals. They said government control of the banking system was socialism, not capitalism. But Wilson refused to change his proposals. And he helped to lead the fight to make them law. Finally, Congress agreed. It did not take long for bankers to discover that the new system was much better than the old one. Today, the Federal Reserve System is one of the most important institutions in the United States.

For Woodrow Wilson, the fight over the banking system was yet another political success. He had won major reforms in the nation's tariffs, taxes, and banking systems. Now he told Congress that new legislation was needed to control the power of monopolies and trusts. These were the giant companies and business alliances that controlled complete industries. Wilson proposed a new anti-trust law to control the actions of large companies. His supporters in Congress wrote a bill that listed a number of business activities that no longer would be permitted. For example, no longer could a company set prices that would reduce competition or create a monopoly. No longer could corporations buy stocks of competing companies. No longer could they demand that a store refuse to sell competing products. The new bill also protected labor unions from being charged with anti-trust violations. It gave unions more power to organize and protect workers.

At President Wilson's request, Congress also prepared a law that set up a government agency called the Federal Trade Commission. The commission was given the job of investigating wrong-doing in business. It had the power to force companies to obey the new anti-trust laws and other rules. Both the anti-trust law and the Federal Trade Commission helped protect small business owners from the power of business giants. Once again, the proposals caused fierce debate. But, once again, Congress finally voted to give Wilson most of what he wanted.

The early months of Wilson's term were one of the most successful times in the history of any president. The new president had won the election by promising major reforms in the economic life of the country. And he had kept that promise. The reforms were not only a victory for Woodrow Wilson. They also changed the face of American business and economics for many years to come. The income tax, for example, grew to become the federal government's main source of money.

Woodrow Wilson had taught history in the days when he was a professor at Princeton University. He knew his actions as president could influence the country for a long time. But, as a historian, he also knew his own term in the White House could be changed by unexpected events. That is just what happened. Wilson campaigned for president mainly on national issues. But he soon was forced to spend more and more time on international issues. His first big problem was across the United States' southern border, in Mexico. That will be our story next week.

http://www.21voa.com/path.asp?url=/201009/se-nation-155-woodrow-wilson-part-one-23-sep-10.mp3