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潘兴将军率领美国军队进入欧洲战场

本周我们继续向你讲述伍德罗.威尔逊总统的故事。在1917年，欧洲正在打战，这场冲突就是著名的第一次世界大战。经过三年的战争，欧洲到处都是死亡。然而，协约国和轴心国的军队仍然在交战。一开始，美国试图远离欧洲战争，它宣布保持中立。然而，最终结果表明，保持中立是不可能的。由于英国在海上的封锁，德国面临严重的饥饿威胁。为了打破英国的封锁，德国潜艇向所有驶向欧洲的船只发动攻击，这就包括像美国这样中立国家的船只。德国击沉了多艘美国的船只，许多无辜的人因此而丧生。

德国潜艇的攻击迫使美国加入了战争。美国加入到由英国、法国和俄罗斯组成的协约国阵营。和许多美国人一样，威尔逊总统并不想打战，但他没有选择。尽管他很悲伤，但他不得不请求国会宣布战争状态。国会于1917年4月6日批准了这一宣言。很快，美国军队就来到了欧洲大陆，他们在巴黎大街上游行，法国人热烈欢迎他们的到来，法国人向这些年轻的美国军人欢呼，向他们抛掷鲜花和飞吻。

美国军队来到了拉法耶特侯爵（Marquis de Lafayette）的墓地。拉法耶特侯爵是法国军队的领导人，在美国独立战争期间，他前往美国帮助美国人。美国人想报答法国人一百多年前对他们的帮助。有一位美国军官在拉法耶特的墓地发表讲话，他说：“拉法耶特，我们美国人来了！”

是的，美国人来了，他们已经做好了参加迄今以来最为血腥的战斗的准备。一周又一周的过去，越来越多的美国军队来到了欧洲。到1917年10月，到达欧洲的美军总数已经达到了10万人。领导在欧洲的美军司令官是约翰.潘兴（John J. Pershing）将军。潘兴将军的军队没有直接参加战斗，而是在训练、修建基地和准备补给。然后他派遣一支小规模部队前往瑞士和德国的边界。美军与德军进行了一场短促但非常激烈的战斗。德军知道此前美军并没有打过战，所以他们试图利用刺刀和枪与美军进行激烈的战斗。美军对德军的做法感到很惊讶，但他们成功地守住了阵地并击退了德军。

在随后的几个月中，美军并没有完全投入战斗，但当另一重大事件发生后，美军就全面投入了战斗，这一重大事件改变了第一次世界大战的进程，也改变了二十世纪的历史，这就是俄罗斯的布尔什维克（Bolshevik）革命，它的领导人是弗拉基米尔.列宁（Vladimir Lenin）。俄罗斯的革命始于1917年春天，俄国人正与德国交战，但他们反对俄国沙皇尼古拉斯，俄国沙皇被推翻了，一个临时政府成立了，它的领导人是亚历山大.克林斯基（Alexander Kerenski）。威尔逊总统向俄罗斯派遣了一支官方小组帮助克林斯基组建其新政府，美国的这支官方小组敦促俄罗斯继续参加战争。

在克林斯基的领导下，俄国继续参加第一次世界大战，但俄国的这种继续却遭受到重大损失，于是许多俄国人要求结束战争。列宁看到了这是一次夺取政权的机会，所以他前往彼得格勒（Petrograd），在那，他领导反对战争和反对克林斯基运动，每个晚上他都对人群大声疾呼：“你从战争中能够得到什么？只有伤病、饥饿和死亡！”列宁承诺在布尔什维克的领导下能够让俄国和平。在短短几个月内，他就控制了彼得格勒的苏维埃政权，苏维埃是俄国一个工人和军人的组织。另一位共产主义者利昂.托洛茨基控制了莫斯科的苏维埃政权。

克林斯基政府继续艰难地参加战斗，越来越多的俄国士兵失去希望，许多人逃离了部队，其他人虽然留在部队，但却拒绝参加战斗。最终在1917年11月，彼得格勒的士兵转而反对克林斯基，列宁命令他们举行起义，并在48小时内就取得了俄国的政权。现在俄罗斯是一个共产主义国家。按照列宁的承诺，列宁呼吁和平，所以俄罗斯与德国签署了和平条约。这份和平条约迫使俄罗斯为其参加第一次世界大战付出沉重的代价，俄罗斯不得不放弃三分之一的农田、一半的工业和90%的煤矿，而且还失去了三分之一的人口。尽管如此，俄罗斯也未能真正地与德国保持和平。

俄德之间的和平条约给欧洲战场上敌对双方的军事形势产生了重大的影响。现在德国不再两面作战，它的东部突然平静了，它可以将所有的军队调往西线对付英国、法国和其他协约国了。在四年的战争中，德国遭受到重大损失，许多士兵阵亡，许多平民由于英国的海上封锁而忍受饥饿。然而德国领导人仍然希望能够赢得战争的胜利，他们决定发动大规模进攻，他们知道必须立即发动进攻，必须抢在美国将更多的军队运到欧洲帮助协约国之前。

德国军队领导人决定要突破横贯中部的防线，他们打算先攻打这条防线的北端，这里由英军防守。德军希望将英军赶出欧洲大陆，渡过英吉利海峡回到英国，然后将其所有力量进攻法国，当法国被击败后，德国也就取得了胜利。这场战役是从1918年3月开始的，德军在法国的亚棉（Amiens）向英军发动进攻。德军发射六万门炮弹，英军打很艰苦，但没能阻止德军的进攻，英军被迫后退五十公里。然后，此次进攻停了一周时间。

随后德国再次发动进攻，这次德国是从比利时的伊普雷斯（Ypres）发动进攻的，德军的第二次进攻取得很大的成功，眼看就要将英军赶到大海了。英军的指挥官是陆军元帅道格拉斯.黑格（Douglas Haig），他命令英军绝不能往后撤，黑格说：“除了战斗，已经无路可走了。”英军打得非常勇猛，并阻止了德军的进攻。双方损失惨重，但德军继续他的计划。

德军的下次进攻是在五月份，这次进攻的地点在整个防线的最北端巴黎。这次德军轻松地突破协约国的防线并向巴黎推进。德军最高指挥官埃里克.鲁登道夫（Erich Ludendorff）想在没有巩固其军事力量前就攻占法国的首都巴黎，他的部队已经推进到可以向巴黎炮击的位置。法国政府已经做好了逃跑的准备。协约国的将领将越来越多的部队向这一区域集中，这些新的军队包括两支大规模的美国海军。

巴黎郊外最残酷的战斗发生在一个叫贝罗伍兹的地方。有人建议美国海军做好撤退的准备，有一位海军说：“撤退？我们刚来这！”当德军一次又一次疯狂进攻协约国位于贝罗伍兹的防线时，美国海军顶住了，然后美军开始向德军发起了进攻。贝罗伍兹战役持续了三周，这是德军所遭受的最为凶猛的进攻，德军失败了。

欲短后事如何，请看下周分解。

简评：

俄国革命，改变的是二十世纪的历史，但对第一次世界大战而言，并没有产生多大的影响，因为俄国退出之前，美国已经进来了，轴心国的失败是迟早的事。列宁为了让俄罗斯退出战争，与德国签订了和平条约：这份和平条约迫使俄罗斯为其参加第一次世界大战付出沉重的代价，俄罗斯不得不放弃三分之一的农田、一半的工业和90%的煤矿，而且还失去了三分之一的人口。尽管如此，俄罗斯也未能真正地与德国保持和平。这可能吗？这岂不是丧权辱国的条约吗？列宁同志领导下的苏维埃俄国真的会签订这样的条约吗？我不相信，您呢？

看来，德国从来就不缺少军事天才，如果不是美国在关键时候的帮助，德国还真的就把英国和法国给打败了。

德国人，真的很了不起，让人不得不佩服！

General Pershing Leads Troops into Europe's Great War

Russian troops in 1917　1917年的俄罗斯军队

This week in our series, we continue the story of President Woodrow Wilson.　 In nineteen seventeen, Europe was at war. It was the conflict known as World War One. After three years of fighting, Europe's lands were filled with the sights and sounds of death. But still, the armies of the Allies and the Central Powers continued to fight. The United States had tried to keep out of the European conflict. It declared its neutrality. In the end, however, neutrality was impossible. Germany was facing starvation because of a British naval blockade. To break the blockade, German submarines attacked any ship that sailed to Europe. That included ships from neutral nations like the United States. The German submarines sank several American ships. Many innocent people were killed.　　

German submarine attacks finally forced the United States into the war. It joined the Allies: Britain, France, and Russia. Like most Americans, President Wilson did not want war. But he had no choice. Sadly, he asked Congress for a declaration of war. Congress approved the declaration on April sixth, nineteen seventeen. It was not long before American soldiers reached the European continent. They marched in a parade through the streets of Paris. The people of France gave them a wild welcome. They cheered the young Americans. They threw flowers at the soldiers and kissed them.　

General John J. Pershing

The Americans marched to the burial place of the Marquis de Lafayette. Lafayette was the French military leader who had come to America's aid during its war of independence from Britain. The United States wanted to repay France for its help more than a hundred years earlier. An American Army officer made a speech at the tomb. He said: "Lafayette, we are here!"　

And so the Americans were there. They were ready to fight in the bloodiest war the world had ever known. Week by week, more American troops arrived. By October, nineteen seventeen, the American army in Europe totaled one hundred thousand men. The leader of that army was General John J. Pershing. Pershing's forces were not sent directly into battle. Instead, they spent time training, building bases, and preparing supplies. Then a small group was sent to the border between Switzerland and Germany. The Americans fought a short but bitter battle there against German forces. The Germans knew the American soldiers had not fought before. They tried to frighten the Americans by waving their knives and guns in a fierce attack. The Americans surprised the Germans. They stood and fought back successfully.　

"Here Are the Americans!" says a French poster from World War One, showing a large shadow of an American soldier over a German soldier　第一次世界大战期间一张法国海报《这就是美国人》，表现的是一名美国士兵的影子要比德国士兵的影子大的多

Full American participation in the fighting did not come for several months. It came only after another event took place. That event changed the war and the history of the Twentieth Century. It was the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia. Its leader was Vladimir Lenin. The Russian Revolution began in the spring of nineteen seventeen. The people of that country were tired of fighting Germany. And they were tired of their ruler, Czar Nicholas. The Czar was overthrown. A temporary government was established. It was headed by Alexander Kerenski. President Woodrow Wilson sent a team of American officials to Russia to help Kerenski's new government. The officials urged Russia to remain in the war.　

Under Kerenski, Russia did keep fighting. But it continued to suffer terrible losses. Many Russians demanded an end to the war. Lenin saw this opposition as a way to gain control of the government. So he went to the city of Petrograd. There, he led the opposition to the war and to Kerenski. Night after night, he spoke to big crowds. "What do you get from war." He shouted. "Only wounds, hunger and death!" Lenin promised peace under Bolshevik Communism. Within a few months, he won control of the Petrograd Soviet. That was an organization of workers and soldiers. Another Bolshevik Communist, Leon Trotsky, controlled the Soviet in Moscow.　

Kerenski's government continued to do badly in the war. More and more Russian soldiers lost hope. Many fled the army. Others stayed. But they refused to fight. The end came in November, nineteen seventeen. Soldiers in Petrograd turned against Kerenski. Lenin ordered them to rebel. And he took control of the government within forty-eight hours. Russia was now a Communist nation. As promised, Lenin called for peace. So Russia signed its own peace treaty with Germany. The treaty forced Russia to pay a high price for its part in the war. It had to give up a third of its farmland, half of its industry, and ninety percent of its coal mines. It also lost a third of its population. Still, it did not have real peace with Germany.　

The treaty between Russia and Germany had a powerful influence on the military situation in the rest of Europe. Now, Germany no longer had to fight an enemy on two fronts. Its eastern border was quiet suddenly. It could aim all its forces against Britain, France, and the other Allies on its western border. Germany had suffered terrible losses during four years of war. Many of its soldiers had been killed. And many of its civilians had come close to starving, because of the British naval blockade. Yet Germany's leaders still hoped to win. They decided to launch a major attack. They knew they had to act quickly, before the United States could send more troops to help the Allies.　　

German military leaders decided to break through the long battle line that divided most of central Europe. They planned to strike first at the north end of the line. British troops held that area. The Germans would push the British off the continent and back across the English Channel. Then they would turn all their strength on France. When France was defeated, Germany would be victorious. The campaign opened in March, nineteen eighteen. German forces attacked British soldiers near Amiens, France. The Germans had six thousand pieces of artillery. The British troops fought hard, but could not stop the Germans. They were pushed back fifty kilometers. The attack stopped for about a week.　

Then the Germans struck again. This time, their target was Ypres, Belgium. The second attack was so successful it seemed the Germans might push the British all the way back to the sea. The British commander, Field Marshal Douglas Haig, ordered his men not to withdraw. Haig said: "There is no other course open to us, but to fight it out." The British fought hard and stopped the attack. Losses on both sides were extremely high. Yet the Germans continued with their plan.　

Their next attack was northeast of Paris in May. This time, they broke the Allied line easily and rushed toward Paris. The German Army chief, General Erich Ludendorff, tried to capture the French capital without waiting to strengthen his forces. He got close enough to shell the city. The French government prepared to flee. Allied military leaders rushed more troops to the area. The new force included two big groups of American marines.　

Damage caused by shells that struck Belleau Woods, France 贝罗伍兹（Belleau Woods）被炮弹轰炸的情形

The heaviest fighting was outside Paris at a place called Belleau Wood. The American Marines were advised to prepare for a possible withdrawal. One Marine said: "Withdraw? We just got here!" The Marines resisted as the Germans attacked Allied lines in Belleau Wood again and again. Then they attacked the German lines. The Battle for Belleau Wood lasted three weeks. It was the most serious German offensive of the war. The Germans lost.　

We will continue our story of World War One next week.　

http://www.21voa.com/path.asp?url=/201010/se-nation-159-woodrow-wilson-part-5-21-oct-10.mp3