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世界大战的停战协定于1918年11月签署

1918年11月11日，第一次世界大战的交战双方结束敌对行动的协定签署了，由德国领导的轴心国宣告战败，由英国、法国和美国领导的协约国宣告胜利。这场战争导致了一千万人失去生命，欧洲绝大部分地区变成了废墟。有人这样形容第一次世界大战：“这是一场终结所有战争的战争”。本周，我们继续向你讲述伍德罗.威尔逊在一战结束后所扮演的角色。

眼下急需要会谈的是寻求和平条约。协约国中的各成员国内心都充满着仇恨，他们要求这份和平条约必须严厉惩罚德国，他们希望通过摧毁德国的军事和工业来削弱德国，他们希望通过让德国支付巨额的战争赔款来削弱德国的经济，他们说，绝不能让德国再有能力发动战争了。然而，伍德罗.威尔逊总统与其他协约国的成员国想法不一样，他想达成的和平条约是建立在公正而不是仇恨的基础上，他认为只有建立在公正基础上的和平条约才能够持续确保和平。威尔逊总统曾经组织交战双方签署了停战协定的会谈，现在他希望在和平条约会谈的大会上发挥重要的角色。为此，他必须想办法得到美国人民的全力支持。

在第一次世界大战绝大部分时间里，美国人都支持威尔逊总统的政策，他们支持总统为赢得战争的胜利所采取的一切措施，这意味着他们必须交纳高额的税款和接受商品短缺的现实。当时，美国人似乎忘记了政党政治，民主党和共和党共同合作。然而，当战争日趋结束时，这一切都发生了变化。1918年11月是美国国会中期选举的日子，威尔逊总统是民主党人，他担心在国会选举时，共和党会在国会两院中占居多数席位，如果真的是这样的话，将会弱化美国在欧洲和平会议上的谈判力量，为此，威尔逊对国人说：“无论是在众议院还是在参议院，如果共和党占多数，都会被外国领导人看作是对我的领导能力的否定。”

共和党人对此予以抗议，他们指责威尔逊这种企求选民的做法是对每一个共和党人的侮辱，有一位共和党领导人这样说到：“这不是总统的私人战争。”共和党在这次中期选举中取得了成功，他们控制了国会的参众两院。国会中期选举对于威尔逊总统而言是失败的，但他没有让这次选举的失利影响到他参加欧洲和平会议的计划，他和其他协约国领导人达成一致意见，将在1919年1月在巴黎举行和平会议(即巴黎和会)。

就在巴黎和会召开前几周，威尔逊开始挑选他的会谈团队。大家都期望他能够挑选至少一位参议员作为其和谈的成员，毕竟，参议院将决定是否批准他签署的和平条约。然而，威尔逊拒绝这样做，他不没挑选一位参议员，而是挑选了他最为亲近的几位助手。今天的美国历史学家说，威尔逊的决定是一个错误，没有让一个参议员参加其和谈团队，也就丧失了后来参议院对他的支持。1918年12月初，威尔逊动身前往法国，轮船在大西洋上航行了九天，于12月13日到达法国的布雷斯特港。威尔逊很兴奋，他说，十三，是一个幸运的数字。

威尔逊总统乘坐火车从布雷斯特前往巴黎，法国人在铁路线两侧迎候他的到来，当他所乘坐的火车经过时，法国人向他欢呼。在巴黎，礼炮的巨响向人们宣告他的到来，巴黎将举行隆重的欢迎仪式，人们一次又一次高呼他的名字：威尔逊、威尔逊、威尔逊!高呼声就像是隆隆的雷声。法国总理乔治.克里孟梭(Georges Clemenceau)对此有这样的评论，他说：“我想在历史上还从来没有发生过这样的现象。”法国人欢迎威尔逊总统，在很大程度上是感谢美国派兵帮助协约国对付德国，许多法国人和其他欧洲人也都想分享威尔逊有关建立一个和平世界的愿望。他们满怀希望地聆听威尔逊那激情四射的演讲，他说要建立一个人人都抛弃仇恨，人人都共同努力永远避免战争的世界。

25个帮助协约国取得战争胜利的国家都派出代表参加巴黎和会，所有的代表都参加了会谈，然而，真正重要的决定却都是由所谓的“四巨人”：英国首相戴维.劳埃德.乔治(David Lloyd-George)、法国总理乔治.克里孟梭、意大利总理维托里奥.奥兰多(Vittorio Orlando)和美国总统伍德罗.威尔逊做出的。威尔逊希望其他协约国领导人能够接受他提议的新建一个国际组织的计划，这个国际组织就是国际联盟，即国联。威尔逊认为国联通过在各会员国之间进行公平的协商来解决争端从而防止未来再出现战争，他认为国联是确保世界持续和平的关键所在。

绝大多数与会代表并不相信威尔逊所信仰的和平的力量，不过，他们还是支持建立国联的计划。然而，他们认为与德国达成完全的和平条约更为重要，他们不想把时间耗费在什么国联上，他们担心国联的谈判会延误和谈的进程和欧洲重建的进程。然而，威尔逊很坚决，他要求在达成和平条约的同时建立国际联盟，为此，他在和谈当中领导一个团队起草国际联盟的章程，他把这个章程交给欧洲各国的领导人去讨论，他自己因有一个短暂的访问而返回了美国。

威尔逊很快就了解到大西洋两岸都存在反对他成立国际联盟的声音。许多美国人非常反对他的这个计划，有些共和党参议员甚至在他到达法国布雷斯特港之前就批评他的这一计划，这些参议员们说，这个计划没有考虑到美国的长期利益，他们还说，国际联盟将会从各国政府中夺取许多权力。有37名参议员签署了一份决议书，该决议指出美国反对威尔逊这个成立国际联盟的计划，这个数字已经超过威尔逊想将和平条约与成立国际联盟一起挂钩提交参议院批准所需要的票数。

参议院的决议在政治上严重伤害了威尔逊，这给世界其他地方的人一个信号，那就是他并没有得到全美国人的支持，但无论如何他都要返回巴黎。当他回到巴黎时，他得到了更多不利的消息。在巴黎和会上威尔逊的最重要的助手是爱德华.豪斯上校，当威尔逊回美国的时候，豪斯上校继续在巴黎参加和会，豪斯在许多问题上都同意威尔逊的观点，然而，与威尔逊不一样的是，他认为协约国各成员国最关心的是尽快与德国达成和平条约，为此，他愿意在国际联盟的一些细节上做出更多的妥协，这超出了威尔逊的所能接受的程度。

当威尔逊得知豪斯所做的一切时，他愤怒了，他说：“豪斯上校把我在离开巴黎前所取得的成果丧失殆尽，他除了妥协，什么也没有留下。现在我不得不重新开始，而这次，将会变得更加困难。”对于伍德罗.威尔逊来说，最为困难的会谈还在前面等待着他呢。

欲知后事如何，请看下周分解

简评：

    巴黎和会开始了，有人说这是一次分脏会，分谁的脏？就是英、法、美、日等少数几个战胜国瓜分战败国在全球的殖民地利益。中国本是一个战胜国，却在巴黎和会上不仅没有分得他国的利益，反而自己的利益都没有得到应有的保全，进而导致了“五四”运动的爆发。

威尔逊为什么非得要成立国际联盟，哪怕遭到国内外的普遍反对，他也要成立国际联盟，这是为什么？我想，威尔逊还真的是想通过国际联盟这样一个国际性组织，作为解决各国争端的平台。如此，各国有什么矛盾，可以到国联来解决，通过谈判而不是通过武力来解决。尽管后来国联没有发挥到威尔逊所设想的那样的作用，但对威尔逊这种让世界永久和平的愿望，并为此而进行不懈的努力，让我深受感动。

    关于这次和会到底是怎么开的，到底是如何分脏的，我从网上看到了许多资料，大都是我们历史书所记载的，要想看看美国人是如何说的，那就等下周吧。

In November 1918, a Truce in World War

Americans at the peace conference, from left: Colonel Edward House, Secretary of State Robert Lansing, President Woodrow Wilson, Henry White and General Tasker Bliss 美国参加世界和平大会的代表，从左起：爱德华.豪斯上校、国务卿罗伯特.兰辛、总统伍德罗.威尔逊、亨利.怀特和塔斯克尔.布利斯将军

On November eleventh, nineteen eighteen, a truce was signed ending the hostilities of World War One. The Central Powers -- led by Germany -- had lost. The Allies -- led by Britain, France and the United States -- had won. The war lasted four years. It took the lives of ten million people. It left much of Europe in ruins. It was described as "the war to end all wars." This week in our series, we tell about President Woodrow Wilson and his part in events after the war.

The immediate task was to seek agreement on terms of a peace treaty. The Allies were filled with bitter anger. They demanded a treaty that would punish Germany severely. They wanted to make Germany weak by destroying its military and industry. And they wanted to ruin Germany's economy by making it pay all war damages. Germany, they said, must never go to war again. President Woodrow Wilson of the United States did not agree completely with the other Allies. He wanted a peace treaty based on justice, not bitterness. He believed that would produce a lasting peace. President Wilson had led negotiations for a truce to end the hostilities of World War One. Now, he hoped to play a major part in negotiations for a peace treaty. To be effective, he needed the full support of the American people.

Americans had supported Wilson's policies through most of the war. They had accepted what was necessary to win. This meant higher taxes and shortages of goods. At the time, Americans seemed to forget party politics. Democrats and Republicans worked together. All that changed when it became clear the war was ending. Congressional elections were to be held in November, nineteen eighteen. President Wilson was a Democrat. He feared that Republicans might gain a majority of seats in Congress. If they did, his negotiating powers at a peace conference in Europe would be weakened. Wilson told the nation: "The return of a Republican majority to either house of Congress would be seen by foreign leaders as a rejection of my leadership."

Republicans protested. They charged that Wilson's appeal to voters was an insult to every Republican. One party leader said: "This is not the president's private war." The Republican campaign succeeded. The party won control of both the Senate and House of Representatives. The congressional elections were a defeat for President Wilson. But he did not let the situation interfere with his plans for a peace conference. He and the other Allied leaders agreed to meet in Paris in January, nineteen nineteen.

President Woodrow Wilson, left, and French President Raymond Poincare in Paris 伍德罗.威尔逊总统和法国总统雷蒙德.庞加莱(Raymond Poincare)在巴黎

In the weeks before the conference, Wilson chose members of his negotiating team. Everyone expected him to include one or more senators. After all, the Senate would vote to approve or reject the final peace treaty. Wilson refused. Instead, he chose several close advisers to go with him to Paris. Today, American history experts say Wilson's decision was a mistake. Failure to put senators on the negotiating team, they say, cost him valuable support later on. In early December, President Wilson sailed to France. The voyage across the Atlantic Ocean lasted nine days. He arrived at the Port of Brest on December thirteenth. Wilson felt very happy. Thirteen, he said, was his lucky number.

French citizens stood along the railroad that carried him from Brest to Paris. They cheered as his train passed. In Paris, cannons were fired to announce his arrival. And a huge crowd welcomed him there. The people shouted his name over and over again -- Wilson! Wilson! Wilson! The noise sounded like thunder. French Premier Georges Clemenceau commented on the event. He said: "I do not think there has been anything like it in the history of the world." People cheered President Wilson partly to thank America for sending its troops to help fight against Germany. But many French citizens and other Europeans also shared Wilson's desire to establish a new world of peace. They listened with hope as he made an emotional speech about a world in which everyone would reject hatred -- a world in which everyone would join together to end war, forever.

More than twenty-five nations that helped win the war sent representatives to the peace conference in Paris. All took part in the negotiations. However, the important decisions were made by the so-called "Big Four": Prime Minister David Lloyd-George of Britain, Premier Georges Clemenceau of France, Premier Vittorio Orlando of Italy, and President Woodrow Wilson of the United States. Wilson hoped the other Allied leaders would accept his plan for a new international organization. The organization would be called the League of Nations. Wilson believed the league could prevent future wars by deciding fair settlements of disputes between nations. He believed it would be the world's only hope for a lasting peace.

Most of the other representatives did not have Wilson's faith in the power of peace. Yet they supported his plan for the League of Nations. However, they considered it less important than completing a peace treaty with Germany. And they did not want to spend much time talking about it. They feared that negotiations on the league might delay the treaty and the rebuilding of Europe. Wilson was firm. He demanded that the peace treaty also establish the league. So, he led a group at the conference that wrote a plan for the operation of the league. He gave the plan to the European leaders to consider. Then he returned to the United States for a brief visit.

President Wilson soon learned that opposition to the League of Nations existed on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean. Many Americans opposed it strongly. Some Republican senators began criticizing it even before Wilson's ship reached the port of Boston. The senators said the plan failed to recognize America's long-term interests. They said it would take away too many powers from national governments. Thirty-seven senators signed a resolution saying the United States should reject the plan for the League of Nations. That was more than the number of votes needed to defeat a peace treaty to which, Wilson hoped, the league plan would be linked.  

The Senate resolution hurt Wilson politically. It was a sign to the rest of the world that he did not have the full support of his people. But he returned to Paris anyway. He got more bad news when he arrived. Wilson's top adviser at the Paris peace conference was Colonel Edward House. Colonel House had continued negotiations while Wilson was back in the United States. House agreed with Wilson on most issues. Unlike Wilson, however, he believed the Allies' most urgent need was to reach agreement on a peace treaty with Germany. To do this, House was willing to make many more compromises than Wilson on details for the League of Nations.  

Wilson was furious when he learned what House had done. He said: "Colonel House has given away everything I had won before I left Paris. He has compromised until nothing remains. Now I have to start all over again. This time, it will be more difficult." For Woodrow Wilson, the most difficult negotiations still lay ahead.

That will be our story next week.

http://www.21voa.com/path.asp?url=/201011/se-nation-161-woodrow-wilson-part-7-04-nov-10.mp3